In the 12th and 13th centuries, the situation of Jews in Europe deteriorated. The rulers tightened the rules under the influence of a growing Christianity, giving them legitimacy. They were obliged to make visible Jews who were indistinguishable from the rest of the population, by means of crazy iconography (hooked noses, pointed hats, etc.) and discriminatory measures, such as the yellow ring, the color of which, a symbol of treachery, resurfaced during the Nazi era. In 1290, the first expulsions took place in England, before spreading throughout Western Europe. Five centuries later, the French Revolution changed the situation of Jews worldwide forever.