Historians place the first massacre in Alexandria, home to a flourishing Jewish community, in 38, which unleashed the fury of the Egyptians. From the 2nd century onwards, the ardor of proselytism ruined understanding between Christians and Jews, with the former accusing the latter of deicide. In 413, Saint Augustine published The City of God. For almost a millennium, this book would influence the place of Jews in Christian morality, as a "witness people" to be both protected and subjugated, an idea later taken up by Muslims. The first Crusades took place in the 11th and 12th centuries, fighting not only Muslims but also Jews, seen as the enemy within.